Fertilization assures mineral nutrition but does not overcome the effects of Fe accumulation in plants grown in iron ore tailings

Abstract

The rupture of Fundão dam was the biggest environmental disaster of the worlds’ mining industry, dumping tons of iron ore tailings into the environment. Studies have shown that the Fundão dam’s tailings are poor in nutrients and have high Fe and Mn concentration. In this context, our objective was to evaluate the growth performance of two native tree species (Bowdichia virgilioides and Dictyoloma vandellianum) in two treatments: fertilized soil and fertilized tailings. We hypothesize that the high concentrations of iron and manganese in the tailings can impair the growth performance of plants by interfering with the absorption of nutrients made available through fertilization. Soil and tailings samples were collected in the municipality of Barra Longa (MG, Brazil), and then fertilized with mixed mineral fertilizer (“Osmocote Plus 15–9-12” at 7.5 g L−1). The experiment was conducted for 75 days in a greenhouse using 180 cm3 tubes. We evaluate chlorophyll content, maximal PSII quantum yield, root length, shoot length, root:shoot ratio, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio, dry mass, macro- and micronutrients concentration in the tissues, and metal translocation factor. Although assuring the adequate levels of the main nutrients to plant growth (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), the fertilization did not reverse the negative effect of tailing on these species. The high concentration of Fe in the tissues associated with less biomass production, lower plant height, smaller leaf area, bigger specific leaf area, and reduced chlorophyll content indicates a probable phytotoxic effect of iron present in the tailings for D. vandellianum. Our results base further field evaluations and longer experiments, which will facilitate the understanding of the performance of tree species submitted to tailings with fertilization. So far, this study suggests that B. virgilioides are more tolerant to excess Fe from the tailings of Fundão dam than D. vandellianum.